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Charles Babbage

Original nameCharles Babbage

British Mathematician, Conceiver and Designer of the Mechanical Computer

Those Who Lit a New Era · Pioneers
The Difference EngineThe Conception of the Analytical EngineA Pioneer Design of Mechanical Computation

Who they are

Charles Babbage (1791–1871) was a British mathematician and inventor who, dissatisfied with the errors that often appeared in the hand computation and printing of mathematical tables, designed a mechanical computing device, the "Difference Engine," running wholly on gears and cranks, to automatically compute polynomial-value tables and directly drive the printing mold, fundamentally eliminating the errors that manual transcription might introduce. He then conceived a grander, more complex general-purpose computing device, the "Analytical Engine," whose design blueprint already contained the several core components of modern computer architecture — an arithmetic unit, memory, control unit, and input-output device — and even borrowed the punched-card principle of the Jacquard loom as the means of program input; in conceptual design the Analytical Engine already had the complete prototype of a general-purpose programmable computer, about a hundred years before the true modern computer appeared. Yet limited by the precision of nineteenth-century machining and manufacturing, Babbage never in his life truly built a complete working Analytical Engine, and the British government, after huge funding, stopped further grants for want of actual results, so that this ahead-of-its-time machine stayed only at the stage of design drawings and some unfinished part models.

Primary sourcesCharles Babbage, Passages from the Life of a PhilosopherThe "Difference Engine No. 2" reconstruction model at the Science Museum, London

Key stories

A Machine Designed to Eliminate Computation Errors

While checking the then-current navigational and engineering mathematical tables, Babbage found them full of errors introduced by manual computation and transcription, errors that in navigation and the like could directly cause disaster, and he thereby conceived building a mechanical device, the "Difference Engine," that could automatically complete polynomial computation and directly drive printing, seeking to eliminate wholly, at the level of physical mechanism, the errors manual computation and transcription might introduce.

A "Computer" Acknowledged Only a Hundred Years Later

The design blueprint of Babbage’s conceived "Analytical Engine" already contained an independent arithmetic unit, a repeatedly readable and writable memory unit, and a control unit executing operations by program instructions — almost the prototype of the von Neumann architecture of the modern computer a hundred years later; yet limited by the machining precision of the time this machine was never truly built in his life, and only in 1991 did engineers of the Science Museum in London, following his original design drawings, first successfully build a working physical model of the Difference Engine.

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Echoes today

Below are how modern works borrow or reinterpret this name or story — not the original material. The two differ, so keep them apart.

The "Difference Engine No. 2" built in 1991Engineers of the Science Museum in London, strictly following Babbage’s original design drawings, in 1991 — the 200th anniversary of his birth — first successfully built a fully working physical model of the Difference Engine, verifying the feasibility of his design.

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