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Wei Zheng

Given / Temple NameWei Xuancheng

The "mirror of men" who remonstrated to the emperor’s face two hundred times

Vessels of the Court · Chancellors & Reformers
RemonstranceThe Zhenguan era of good ruleMemorial of Ten Thoughts to Taizong

Who they are

Wei Zheng’s résumé should have doomed him in any dynasty: first with Li Mi, then in the service of Dou Jiande, then chief strategist for the heir Jiancheng, urging him to remove Li Shimin. After the Xuanwu Gate Incident, Li Shimin, of all people, gave this "enemy’s strategist" high office, and Wei Zheng turned the role of remonstrating official into a part for the ages — offering more than two hundred remonstrances, from opposing the Feng and Shan sacrifices and excessive punishments to criticizing the emperor’s extravagance, arguing to his face again and again, "the emperor in a great fury, and Wei Zheng’s expression unchanged." His Memorial of Ten Thoughts to Taizong became the peak of remonstrance literature. Not long after his death, the emperor, moved by slander, toppled the tomb-stele he had written for him with his own hand, then regretted it after the failed campaign against Liaodong and had it set up again — the complexity of ruler and subject spared not even this fine tale of "taking a man as a mirror."

Key stories

The hawk dead in his robes

Taizong got a fine hawk and was playing with it perched on his arm when he saw Wei Zheng approaching from afar and hurriedly hid it in his robes. Wei Zheng, memorializing, deliberately dragged on and on. By the time he withdrew, the hawk had suffocated in the emperor’s robes. That an emperor feared a minister so much was fear not of the man but of the rules he had acknowledged with his own mouth — Wei Zheng’s whole power was to keep reminding the emperor, "you said you would be a wise ruler."

I must kill this country bumpkin

Returning from court one day in a fury, Taizong stormed into the palace: "I must kill this country bumpkin!" When Empress Zhangsun asked who, he said Wei Zheng was forever humiliating him in open court. The empress withdrew, put on formal court dress, and bowed solemnly: "I have heard that when the ruler is wise the ministers are upright. Wei Zheng dares speak straight precisely because Your Majesty is a wise ruler, and so I offer congratulations." Taizong’s anger turned to delight. The secret of the Zhenguan era of good rule hides in this scene: an upright minister, a wise ruler, and an empress ready at any moment to catch the emperor’s temper — remove one link and it falls apart.

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