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Al-Idrisi

Arab Geographer, the Most Precise Cartographer of the World Map in the Middle Ages

Those Who Set the World Down in Writing · Scholars & Explorers
The Book of RogerThe Tabula Rogeriana World MapCross-Religious Scholarly Cooperation

Who they are

Muhammad al-Idrisi (1100–1165) was an Arab geographer born in Ceuta, Morocco, who was later invited by King Roger II of the Norman kingdom of Sicily (a Christian monarch) to the Palermo court, then a highly active center of cultural fusion, and spent about fifteen years systematically ordering geographical material from ancient Greek, Roman, and Arab sources and from travelers, completing the most precise and detailed world map of the known world of the time — a huge silver map disk (later destroyed in political turmoil, surviving only in later paper copies) — and writing the accompanying geographical masterwork the Book of Roger, recording in detail the geography, climate, products, and customs of the known regions of the three continents of Eurasia and Africa. This map and work long served as an important reference for European scholars’ knowledge of world geography, and are also a model case of cross-religious, cross-cultural scholarly cooperation in the Middle Ages — a Muslim scholar, at the invitation of a Christian monarch, completing the most outstanding geographical achievement of the age.

Primary sourcesAl-Idrisi, The Book of RogerLater copies of the "Tabula Rogeriana" world map

Key stories

The Cross-Religious Scholarly Court of Sicily

Sicily under Norman rule was a rare cultural melting pot in the medieval Mediterranean world where Christian, Islamic, and Jewish scholars were active together in exchange; King Roger II himself, though a devout Christian, held a keen interest in Islamic scholarship and culture, and specially invited al-Idrisi to direct the vast project of compiling and drawing the world map — this scholarly cooperation across the barriers of religion was especially remarkable amid the fierce religious antagonism of the time.

The Tabula Rogeriana

The world map al-Idrisi completed over fifteen years was called the "Tabula Rogeriana" (meaning "the Map of Roger," in honor of his patron Roger II), engraved on a huge silver disk, the map drawn in the then-rare "south-up, north-down" manner, marking in detail the mountains, rivers, cities, settlements, and trade routes of the three continents of Eurasia and Africa, the peak of medieval geographical achievement; regrettably the precious original silver disk was later melted down in the political turmoil of Sicily, but the surviving paper copies let this precious geographical heritage pass down to later ages.

Relationships

Echoes today

Below are how modern works borrow or reinterpret this name or story — not the original material. The two differ, so keep them apart.

A historical case of cross-religious scholarly cooperationThe historical event of a Muslim scholar, at a Christian king’s invitation, directing the compilation of a world map is often cited by modern cross-cultural exchange research as a representative case of the "convivencia" (coexistence) phenomenon of the medieval Mediterranean world.

Appears in

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