🦅HistoryRoman History
🏠 Home🌐 中文
Roman HistorySPQR

Julius Caesar

Latin nameGaius Julius Caesar

Dictator for life who crossed the Rubicon and ended the Republic

Born to the Purple · Kings & Emperors
The Gallic WarThe RubiconDictator for life

Who they are

Caesar came from a fallen patrician family and climbed the ladder of office deep in debt; his greatest achievement before fifty was a piece of matchmaking — forming the First Triumvirate with Pompey and Crassus. As governor of Gaul he found his battlefield: in nine years he conquered all of Gaul, crossed the Rhine twice, landed twice in Britain, and along the way wrote the crystal-clear Gallic War to promote himself. In 49 BC, when the Senate ordered him to lay down his command and return to face trial, he led the Thirteenth Legion across the Rubicon — "the die is cast" — and in four years of civil war defeated Pompey and his remnants. He then combined in himself the offices of dictator for life, consul, and chief priest, reformed the calendar (the Julian calendar is still in use), enlarged the Senate, and pardoned his enemies. On 15 March 44 BC, more than sixty senators drove twenty-three daggers into the body of this "merciful one" in the Theatre of Pompey. He never called himself king, yet his family name became the word for "emperor": Kaiser, Tsar, both are "Caesar."

Primary sourcesCaesar, The Gallic War and The Civil WarPlutarch, Life of CaesarSuetonius, The Deified Julius

Key stories

The die is cast

The Rubicon was the legal boundary river between Italy proper and the provinces, and to cross it with an army was treason. In January 49 BC Caesar lingered long at the river’s edge and said to his officers: not to cross it is my personal ruin; to cross it is the ruin of all mankind. Then, quoting the line from a Greek comedy, "the die is cast," he spurred his horse into the water. "Crossing the Rubicon" thereafter became the standard phrase in Western languages for "an irreversible decision." Worth remembering is his whole stake at that moment: one legion, five thousand men — against Pompey and the entire lawful government.

The Ides of March

A soothsayer had warned him to beware the Ides of March. On the day, meeting the soothsayer on his way to the Senate, Caesar said with a smile, "The Ides of March have come." The man answered, "They have come, but they are not yet gone." The meeting was held in the Theatre of Pompey — at the foot of his enemy’s statue. The assassins crowded around under pretense of a petition, Casca struck the first blow at the neck, and more than sixty rushed in. It is said that when Caesar saw Brutus he stopped resisting, veiled his face with his toga, and fell with twenty-three wounds beneath Pompey’s statue. Shakespeare gave him the Latin line "Et tu, Brute?" — but the histories give it in Greek: "καὶ σύ, τέκνον?" (you too, my child?).

Version differences

The dying line "Et tu, Brute?" comes from Shakespeare; Suetonius records that Caesar either spoke in Greek, "καὶ σύ, τέκνον" (you too, my child?), or said nothing at all, and reports both faithfully.

Relationships

Nemesis

Echoes today

Below are how modern works borrow or reinterpret this name or story — not the original material. The two differ, so keep them apart.

"Caesar" becomes a titleGerman Kaiser and Russian Tsar both derive from "Caesar"; the Julian calendar and the month of July are named after him too.
"Crossing the Rubicon"Passed into Western languages to mean making an irreversible decision.

Appears in