🦅HistoryRoman History
🏠 Home🌐 中文
Roman HistorySPQR
🔥

Gaius Gracchus

Latin nameGaius Gracchus

The tribune who pushed his brother’s reforms further, to a fiercer end

The Voice of the Senate · Statesmen & Reformers
Grain lawTribuneThe Republic’s crack

Who they are

Ten years after his brother’s death, Gaius Gracchus was elected tribune, and his reforms were more systematic than his brother’s: a subsidized grain law to guarantee the city poor their bread, road-building and colonies to settle the landless, transferring the jury courts from senators to the equestrian class, and a proposal to grant citizenship to Italian allies — in effect he was assembling a cross-class coalition against the Senate. After two terms his enemies struck back, and the Senate for the first time passed the "final decree of the Senate" (the state-of-emergency order authorizing the consuls to "take any measures to defend the state"). In the ensuing clash three thousand of his followers were killed or executed afterward, and Gaius, fleeing to a grove across the Tiber, had a slave kill him. His head was filled with lead and weighed by his enemies — the reward was its weight in gold.

Key stories

Bread and the Republic

Gaius’s grain law sold grain to citizens at a fixed price below the market, and the senatorial faction cursed it as buying favor and corrupting public morals. One current anecdote: Piso, its fiercest opponent, later went to queue for the grain himself, and when Gaius asked why he had come, Piso answered, "I do not want you dividing up what is mine, but since you are dividing it, I want my share too." The city poor thereafter became a force Roman politics had to feed — the account of "bread and circuses" was first entered here.

The lead-filled head

On the day of the final battle Gaius’s men held the Aventine Hill. The Senate offered a reward: whoever brought his head would receive its weight in gold. According to Plutarch, the man who got it scooped out the brain and poured in molten lead before weighing it. Three thousand followers were hanged without trial, their property confiscated, and his widow was even forbidden to mourn. Within twelve years the Gracchi died by the same script — Rome had demonstrated to all who came after the fate of a reformer, and had sealed off the road of peaceful reform for good. The next to step onstage were Marius and Sulla, with armies at their backs.

Relationships

Appears in