🐉HistoryChinese History
🏠 Home🌐 中文
Chinese HistoryDYNASTIES
🐎

Xiang Yu

Given / Temple NameXiang Ji

The Hegemon-King of Western Chu, who destroyed Qin by sinking his boats and cut his own throat at Gaixia

Souls of the Battlefield · Generals & Commanders
The Battle of JuluThe Chu–Han contentionThe Hegemon

Who they are

Xiang Yu came from a Chu military family; as a boy, watching the First Emperor’s procession, he said, "That man can be replaced." At the Battle of Julu he sank his boats and smashed the Qin main force with a few tens of thousands of Chu troops, becoming supreme commander of the lords in one stroke; after destroying Qin he styled himself Hegemon-King of Western Chu and enfeoffed eighteen lords. But he buried surrendered troops alive, burned Xianyang, and exiled Emperor Yi — losing ground politically step by step, and though he won nearly every battle in the four-year Chu–Han war against Liu Bang, he was routed utterly at Gaixia. Amid the Chu songs on all sides he parted from Consort Yu, broke through the encirclement, and at the bank of the Wu River, feeling he "had no face to meet the elders of Jiangdong," refused to cross and cut his own throat at thirty-one. Sima Qian broke precedent and placed this loser among the "Annals," ranked with the emperors.

Key stories

Sinking the boats and smashing the cauldrons

With Julu besieged, the relief armies of the lords all watched from behind their walls. After crossing the Zhang River, Xiang Yu scuttled the boats, smashed the cooking pots, and burned the camp, each man carrying only three days’ rations — win or die. The Chu army won nine battles out of nine, their shouts shaking the sky, while the lords watched from the ramparts, "every man of them terrified." Afterward, when Xiang Yu summoned the lords’ commanders, they entered the gate on their knees, none daring to look up.

Gaixia and the Wu River

Encircled at Gaixia, hearing Chu songs on all sides in the night, Xiang Yu was aghast: "Has Han already taken all of Chu?" Drinking in his tent, he sang the mournful "My strength could uproot mountains," Consort Yu answering him, and all around wept. Breaking out to the Wu River, where a village elder waited with a boat and urged him to cross and rise again, Xiang Yu laughed: "I crossed west with eight thousand sons of Jiangdong, and now not one returns. Even if their fathers and brothers pitied me and made me king, with what face could I meet them?" He dismounted to fight on foot, killed several hundred, took more than ten wounds, and cut his own throat.

Relationships

Appears in