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Emperor Huizong of Song

Given / Temple NameZhao Ji

The painter-emperor of supreme artistry and the Humiliation of Jingkang in governance

Holders of the Mandate · Emperors & Kings
The Slender Gold scriptThe Humiliation of JingkangThe Xuanhe Painting Academy

Who they are

Zhao Ji was perhaps the most artistically accomplished emperor in history: he created the Slender Gold calligraphy, sharp and lean, a style all his own; his bird-and-flower paintings, Auspicious Cranes and Golden Pheasant on Hibiscus, are peaks of the academy style; he expanded the painting academy and raised painters’ status to its historical height, and directed the compilation of the Xuanhe Painting Catalogue. But as an emperor he employed Cai Jing and Tong Guan, launched the flower-and-rock convoys to strip the southeast of exotic stones for his Genyue garden, and rebellions rose everywhere; in diplomacy he allied with Jin to destroy Liao, letting the wolf in the door. In 1127 the Jin army broke Kaifeng, and he and his son Emperor Qinzong were carried off to the north, dying at Wuguo City after every torment — the Humiliation of Jingkang. The Yuan historians sighed: "Emperor Huizong could do all things, save only be a ruler."

Key stories

The flower-and-rock convoys

Huizong loved stones to the point of obsession, and set up an office at Suzhou to hunt down the southeast’s rare flowers and stones, shipping them to Kaifeng ten boats to a "convoy" to build the Genyue. To move one great stone, they would tear down bridges, ruin city gates, and knock through people’s houses. In Fang La’s rebellion proclamation, the flower-and-rock convoys were the number-one charge. The Genyue was finished less than five years when the Jin besieged the city: its rare birds were caught for army rations, its exotic stones smashed into cannon shot — the empire’s aesthetic project ended by supplying the attackers with ammunition.

Watching the sky from a well at Wuguo City

In the second year of Jingkang, the Jin carried Emperors Huizong and Qinzong, with the clan, consorts, and craftsmen — more than fourteen thousand people — north. Huizong was styled "Marquis of Muddled Virtue," a humiliating title, and moved from place to place in captivity at Wuguo City (modern Yilan, Heilongjiang). Legend has him "sitting in a well watching the sky"; in truth he was confined in a courtyard, writing the quatrain, "All night the west wind shakes the broken door, one lamp faint in a lonely, desolate lodge." He died in captivity eight years later. A man who could paint the auspicious clouds of Auspicious Cranes made, as his last work, the music of a fallen state.

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