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The Kangxi Emperor

Given / Temple NameAisin Gioro Xuanye

The Qing consolidator who took the throne at eight and reigned sixty-one years

Holders of the Mandate · Emperors & Kings
Seizing OboiSuppressing the Three FeudatoriesThe Kangxi–Qianlong golden age

Who they are

Xuanye took the throne at eight and at sixteen cleverly seized the power-minister Oboi to rule in his own right, then spent eight years putting down the Revolt of the Three Feudatories, took Taiwan, drove back Russia (signing the Treaty of Nerchinsk after the Battle of Albazin), and campaigned three times against Galdan — the Qing’s territory and foundations were set firm in his hands. Reigning sixty-one years, he was the longest-reigning emperor in Chinese history. Beyond governance he was a rare learner: studying geometry, astronomy, and anatomy with the Jesuits, and directing the compilation of the Kangxi Dictionary and the Complete Map of the Empire. In his last years his sons fought over the succession (the "Nine Lords Contending for the Heir"), and the strife over the throne became the shadow that closed his lifetime of achievement.

Key stories

Cleverly seizing Oboi

Oboi, as regent minister, grew arrogant and domineering, formed cliques for private gain, and killed ministers at will. The sixteen-year-old Kangxi feigned an obsession with buku (wrestling) games, choosing a band of youth guards to practice daily. In 1669, when Oboi came alone to audience, the youths rushed him all at once and pinned him down. His thirty great crimes were listed, and in view of past service his life was spared but he was imprisoned. The coup moved not a single soldier — a "children’s game" under the power-minister’s very eyes carried out the recovery of power.

Learning geometry from the Jesuits

In the calendar dispute, Kangxi found that his officials understood neither Chinese nor Western methods, and resolved to master it himself: he summoned Jesuits such as Ferdinand Verbiest into the palace to teach Euclidean geometry and astronomical calculation, studied several hours a day for years on end, and personally computed eclipses and surveyed river courses. The mathematical terms in modern Chinese for "unknown," "power," and "root" are said to derive from Kangxi’s study notes. The window of an emperor studying Western learning never became state policy — the opportunity opened and closed in one man’s study.

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