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Goujian

Given / Temple NameJiuqian

King of Yue who slept on brushwood and tasted gall for twenty years to restore his state and destroy Wu

Holders of the Mandate · Emperors & Kings
Sleeping on brushwood, tasting gallThe Spring and Autumn contest for supremacyRevenge

Who they are

King Goujian of Yue was crushed by King Fuchai of Wu at the Battle of Fujiao, left with only five thousand troops to hold Mount Kuaiji, forced to submit to Wu as a vassal, and taken to Wu with his wife to serve as a slave for three years — holding Fuchai’s horse and even tasting his stool to diagnose his illness, enduring every humiliation to show his loyalty. Released and returned home, he slept on brushwood and hung a gall bladder above him, tasting it daily and asking himself, "Have you forgotten the shame of Kuaiji?" Using the schemes of Fan Li and Wen Zhong, ten years gathering strength and ten years teaching his people, he at last destroyed Wu, and Fuchai cut his own throat. "Sleeping on brushwood, tasting gall" thus became the ultimate Chinese idiom for patient revenge, while his killing of Wen Zhong after success left the famous warning: "one may share hardship with him, but not ease."

Key stories

Tasting gall and gathering strength

Back home, Goujian hung a gall bladder above his seat and tasted it before eating, resting, or rising. State policy reached down to childbirth: a woman unmarried at seventeen or a man unmarried at twenty made their parents guilty; the birth of a boy was rewarded with a jar of wine and a dog, of a girl with a jar of wine and a pig. Twenty years later, this nearly ruined little state had amassed the people and the army to destroy Wu — he had turned revenge into a systematic undertaking.

When the birds are gone, the good bow is stored away

After Wu fell, the strategist Fan Li at once resigned and sailed off across the Five Lakes, leaving a letter for Wen Zhong: "When the birds are gone, the good bow is stored away; when the cunning hare is dead, the hound is cooked. The King of Yue has a long neck and a beak like a bird’s — one may share hardship with him but not ease. Why do you not leave?" Wen Zhong did not believe it and stayed away from court on pretext of illness; Goujian sent him a sword: "You taught me seven arts to attack Wu; I used three and defeated it. The other four are with you — go try them on the former king for me." Wen Zhong cut his own throat.

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