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Liu Bei

Courtesy nameXuandeAlso known asEmperor Zhaolie of Han (posthumous)

The Mat-Weaver Who Founded Shu Han

The Three Kingdoms A-List · Central Figures
BenevolenceBuilding a CauseLegitimacy

Who they are

A claimed kinsman of the Han imperial house who made his early living weaving mats and selling straw sandals, and was forty-seven before three visits to a thatched cottage won him Zhuge Liang and, at last, a foothold in the cracks between greater powers. His core asset was not military might but a reputation for benevolence and a gift for judging and using men — Guan Yu and Zhang Fei followed him to the death, and Zhuge Liang gave everything, all on that trust. A crushing defeat at Yiling cost him the fortune of half a lifetime, and his own life with it.

Primary sourcesChen Shou, Records of the Three Kingdoms, Book of Shu, Biography of the First Sovereign

Key stories

Three Visits to the Thatched Cottage

Stationed at Xinye, Liu Bei heard of Zhuge Liang’s talent and called at his cottage in Longzhong three times. The first two times he found him out; the third, he waited respectfully while Zhuge Liang finished his nap. Zhuge Liang laid out the state of the realm for him and proposed the Longzhong Plan: take Jing and Yi provinces first, ally with Sun against Cao. That sincerity bought twenty-seven years of wholehearted service — and "three visits to the thatched cottage" became a byword for the earnest courting of talent.

Crossing the River With the People

As Cao Cao’s army pursued him south, Liu Bei retreated with the hundreds of thousands of common folk who chose to follow, covering barely ten li a day and liable to be overtaken at any moment. His officers urged him to abandon the people and flee light; he answered, "One who would do great deeds must put the people first," and kept them with him. It is the most concrete proof of his benevolent reputation — and it nearly got his army annihilated at Changban. Loyalty and strategy are, sometimes, truly at odds.

The Defeat at Yiling and the Deathbed Charge at Baidicheng

After Guan Yu was killed, Liu Bei ignored his ministers and threw the whole strength of his state into an eastern campaign of revenge against Sun Quan — only for Lu Xun to burn his linked camps across seven hundred li, all but wiping him out. He fell ill at Baidicheng and never rose again, entrusting his son Liu Shan and the whole of Shu Han to Zhuge Liang, with the words "if he proves unfit, you may take the throne yourself" — a single line that says everything about life-and-death suspicion and trust at once.

Relationships

Children

Echoes today

Below are how modern works borrow or reinterpret this name or story — not the original material. The two differ, so keep them apart.

"Three visits to the thatched cottage"The idiom comes straight from his three calls on Zhuge Liang, now a byword for earnestly courting talent.
"Flesh growing back on the thigh"Sheltering in Jing province for years with no war to fight, Liu Bei lamented that his thighs had grown fat from long disuse of the saddle — a figure for ease long endured and ambition unfulfilled.

Appears in

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