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Trajan

Latin nameTrajan

The "best of princes" who pushed the empire to its greatest extent

Born to the Purple · Kings & Emperors
The Five Good EmperorsThe Dacian WarsTrajan’s Column

Who they are

Trajan was the first emperor born in the provinces (Spain), the second of the Five Good Emperors. In nineteen years on the throne the empire reached its greatest extent in history: two Dacian Wars (modern Romania) conquered a land of gold, and his eastern campaign against Parthia briefly watered the horses at the Persian Gulf. The spoils funded the largest public building program in Roman history — the Forum of Trajan, the Market of Trajan, a poor-relief system covering the whole city. Known for being approachable, restrained, and cooperative with the Senate, he was granted by it the title "best of princes" (Optimus Princeps). For centuries afterward the Senate’s standard blessing for each new emperor was "may you be more fortunate than Augustus and better than Trajan." The Trajan’s Column he left, recording the Dacian Wars in a spiral relief, is the firsthand pictorial document for reading Roman military history.

Key stories

Better than Trajan

Trajan was deferential to the Senate, generous to the people, and firm but caring with the army. He set up the "alimenta" — the state lending to Italian landowners at low interest, the interest used to support poor children, a rare piece of institutionalized social welfare in the ancient world. He authorized the provincial governor Pliny, who wrote to ask how to handle Christians, replying that they were not to be sought out and anonymous accusations were not to be trusted — in an age of strong violent inertia, that restraint is itself a footnote to "goodness." Generations of Romans held him up as the standard, not because he conquered the most, but because he used power with the most measure.

Trajan’s Column

To commemorate the Dacian Wars, Trajan raised in his forum a marble column nearly forty meters high, its spiral relief band over two hundred meters long, depicting twenty-five hundred figures in a complete narrative of the war from bridging the river to storming the city and taking the surrender — an ancient version of a serialized documentary. A bronze statue of Trajan once stood atop it, replaced in the Middle Ages by one of St. Peter. Today, to study the equipment, fortifications, and tactics of the Roman legions, Trajan’s Column is the irreplaceable pictorial archive: a war carved into stone, become a textbook illustration two thousand years on.

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