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Brutus the Elder

Latin nameLucius Junius Brutus

First consul, who expelled the tyrant and founded the Republic

The Voice of the Senate · Statesmen & Reformers
Founding the RepublicExpelling the monarchyConsul

Who they are

Lucius Junius Brutus played the fool to survive at the court of the tyrant Tarquin "the Proud" — hence the nickname Brutus ("dull"). In 509 BC, when a prince raped the noblewoman Lucretia and she killed herself in public, Brutus drew the dagger from her breast and swore: never again a king in Rome. He led the people in driving out the house of Tarquin and founded the Republic: power was handed to two consuls with one-year terms who could veto each other and could not be re-elected — a fear of personal power written into the very frame of the institutions. He himself served as first consul, and that same year, when his two sons took part in a royalist plot to restore the monarchy, he presided over their execution in person.

Key stories

The oath on the dagger

Lucretia summoned her father and husband, told them what the prince had done, and stabbed herself in the breast — "I acquit myself of guilt, but I do not spare myself the penalty." Brutus, who had feigned dullness all along, drew out the dagger and raised it high: "By this most chaste blood I swear that I will pursue Tarquin and his wife and children with fire and sword, and never suffer any man to be king in Rome!" Roman history turned the page from monarchy to Republic, and the turning of that page was a speech at a funeral.

Executing his own sons

In the Republic’s first year a group of young nobles plotted to bring back Tarquin, and on the list were the two sons of the consul Brutus. On the day of judgment Brutus sat in the consul’s chair and gave the order himself, watching the whole flogging and beheading. Livy writes that what people could not tear their eyes from was not the execution but the face of that father. The Republic’s first lesson was cruel and clear: the institution stands above blood — a standard set so high that four hundred years later, when his descendant Brutus the Younger killed Caesar, all Rome heard the weight of that name.

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