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Thoth

AlsoThoth

The Ibis-Headed God of Wisdom Who Invented Writing and Recorded the Judgment

The Gods Between Sky and Earth · Major Gods
WritingWisdomThe Moon

Who they are

Thoth is the god of wisdom, writing, magic, the calendar, and the moon, often shown as an ibis-headed man or a baboon. The Egyptians believed he invented the hieroglyphs — "the words of the gods" — and so he is the patron of scribes and the embodiment of knowledge. In the quarrels of the gods he serves as arbiter and mediator, quelling conflict with words rather than force (coaxing back the departed Tefnut and healing the Eye of Horus were both his doing). In the underworld judgment he stands by the scales and records faithfully the result of the weighing of the heart — the scribe of truth. He is said to have authored the Book of Thoth, holding the ultimate magic to command nature and life and death. The Greeks identified him with Hermes, and "Hermes Trismegistus" (thrice-great Hermes), the source of the alchemical and occult tradition, is precisely Thoth's Hellenized form.

Primary sourcesThe Book of the DeadHermopolitan theologyThe Hellenistic "Hermetic Corpus"

Key stories

Winning Five Days

The sun god Ra cursed Nut so she could give birth on no day of the year. Thoth stepped in and played draughts with the moon god, winning a little moonlight at a time until he had five days that had never existed — days not among the three hundred and sixty the curse governed. In these "days outside the year" Nut bore Osiris and his generation of gods. Thoth opened a seam in the rules of time by intellect, not brute force: his way of solving a problem is always calculation, negotiation, and words — the very mark of the god of wisdom.

The Scribe of Truth

In the hall of judgment in the underworld, the heart of the dead is placed on the scales and weighed against the feather of Maat, which stands for truth. Thoth, holding his reed pen and palette, stands by the scales and records the reading faithfully — he does not favor, does not judge, only writes down the result. The Egyptian awe of writing reaches its height here: the written word is not merely a tool of record but part of the order of the cosmos, and Thoth, who governs writing, is the god by whom truth is confirmed and preserved.

Version differences

The Greeks identified Thoth with Hermes, giving rise to "Hermes Trismegistus" and Hermeticism (the alchemical and occult tradition) — a Hellenistic reinvention, not native to ancient Egypt.

Relationships

Echoes today

Below are how modern works borrow or reinterpret this name or story — not the original material. The two differ, so keep them apart.

HermeticismRenaissance alchemy and occultism revered "thrice-great Hermes" as their founder, and his source is precisely Thoth.

Appears in